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Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
versão On-line ISSN 2173-2345versão impressa ISSN 1889-836X
Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner vol.9 no.1 Madrid Jan./Mar. 2017
https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s1889-836x2017000100006
Nota Clínica
Mesenteric panniculitis associated with the use of bisphosphonates: are these more proinflammatory than we know?
1Unidad de Metabolismo Óseo. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Elche. Alicante (España)
2Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Departamento de Salud Elche. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Elche. Alicante (España)
3Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Elche. Alicante (España)
Introduction
Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disorder characterized by chronic nonspecific inflammation of adipose tissue of the intestinal mesentery of unknown origin [1]. It may develop independently or in association with other alterations, which has been the subject of much discussion. It has been linked to various conditions, such as vasculitis, granulomatous diseases, rheumatic diseases, malignant diseases, pancreatitis [2], smoking and the use of certain drugs (beta blockers, methyldopa, sulfonamides, salicylates and oral contraceptives).
This entity has been found to present several stages of development. It is classified into different types depending on the radiological characteristics: type I (42%), diffuse thickening of the mesentery from root to the edges of the small intestine; Type II (32%), isolated nodular mass in mesenteric root; Type III (20%), the mesentery contains multiple nodules which vary in size [3]. Diagnostic anatomopathological criteria include: presence of large quantities of foamy macrophages in the initial phase of mesenteric lipodystrophy; Infiltrated plasma cells, giant foreign body cells, and foamy macrophages in mesenteric panniculitis. In the final stage, the deposition of collagen and the fibrosis in the tissues are noteworthy [4].
Although different factors have been recognized that may trigger the disease, its origin in certain cases remains uncertain. Once diagnosed, there is no specific treatment. Corticosteroids are recommended, although cases of spontaneous remission have been reported. Surgical resection is considered for cases in which there is intestinal obstruction due to inflammation and secondary scarring. Antibiotics, radiation therapy and cyclophosphamide have also been reported as possible responses.
Clinical Case Report
We present the case of a 67-year-old woman, without toxic habits, with no medical history of interest except cervico-artrosis and spondylolisthesis in rehabilitation and postmenopausal osteoporosis for 3 years following bisphosphonate treatment (BF). Mesenteric panniculitis was not justified by other causes.
Our patient, after 3 years of treatment with risedronate, began to present diffuse abdominal pain on a global basis, not related to meals and with episodes of frequent exacerbations over a period of about 2-3 months.
In one of the exacerbations, the patient was admitted and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) carried out, among other tests. In the CT, mesenteric panniculitis was revealed (Figure 1).
After reasonably ruling out other clinical etiologies of mesenteric panniculitis (Table 1) [5], the BFs that were taken and reevaluated at 6 months with a new abdominal control CT was taken, showing a complete resolution of the abdominal inflammatory lesions which presented in the previous CT scan (Figure 2).
Discussion
There are no similar cases described in the literature, nor have we found clinical trials of bisphosphonates, FIT, VERT, BONE, HORIZON [6,7,8,9], in cases of mesenteric panniculitis, although its use has been associated with other inflammatory processes. Cases of ocular side effects have been reported in this group of mostly inflammatory drugs such as uveitis, scleritis and conjunctivitis [10]. Conjunctivitis is the most frequent adverse ocular condition, although its actual incidence is very low. In general, it responds quickly to topical treatment, even if we maintain the drug, although it is more prudent to suspend it, at least temporarily. Another complication, less frequent but potentially more serious, is uveitis. Its incidence is very low, between 2 and 5 cases per 10,000 patients treated. In general, its location is anterior, although some isolated cases of posterior uveitis have been described. Its occurrence is quite variable, with a median number of days after the start of the 70-day drug (between 1 and 146) and its incidence is higher in patients treated with intravenous BF.
An increase in the susceptibility to uveitis in patients with associated diseases such as spondyloarthropathies, Behçet's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis or sarcoidosis and/or treatment with certain drugs has also been observed in which BP will act as a precipitating factor [11].
Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclasts by exerting a strong interaction with these cells, resulting in a marked decrease in bone resorption [12].
A number of adverse effects have been reported with bisphosphonate administration, which appear to correspond to "class effects." These effects may vary from bisphosphonates to others depending, among other factors, on the route of administration. Upper gastrointestinal tract such as esophagitis, gastric ulcers and even hemorrhages, musculoskeletal pain, influenza-like manifestations, atrial fibrillation, renal failure, hypocalcemia, maxillary osteonecrosis, atypical femoral fractures and ocular adverse effects such as conjunctivitis, uveitis, iritis, Episcleritis, scleritis or keratitis [13]. There has been no association with alterations of mesenteric panniculitis type adipose tissue in the literature.
Conclusions
Mesenteric panniculitis continues to be a nosological entity which is, in many cases, incidental and controversial. The retrospective analysis of many series has identified possible risk factors and a multitude of etiologic agents. Further studies and more described cases like ours are required to associate the use of BF more strongly with areas of inflammation of mesenteric adipose tissue. Although they have demonstrated their "proinflammatory" effect in other organs, especially at the ocular level, as we have developed previously.
Referencias
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Received: November 07, 2016; Accepted: December 13, 2016